Feature #14912
closedIntroduce pattern matching syntax
Description
I propose new pattern matching syntax.
Pattern syntax¶
Here's a summary of pattern syntax.
# case version
case expr
in pat [if|unless cond]
...
in pat [if|unless cond]
...
else
...
end
pat: var # Variable pattern. It matches any value, and binds the variable name to that value.
| literal # Value pattern. The pattern matches an object such that pattern === object.
| Constant # Ditto.
| var_ # Ditto. It is equivalent to pin operator in Elixir.
| (pat, ..., *var, pat, ..., id:, id: pat, ..., **var) # Deconstructing pattern. See below for more details.
| pat(pat, ...) # Ditto. Syntactic sugar of (pat, pat, ...).
| pat, ... # Ditto. You can omit the parenthesis (top-level only).
| pat | pat | ... # Alternative pattern. The pattern matches if any of pats match.
| pat => var # As pattern. Bind the variable to the value if pat match.
# one-liner version
$(pat, ...) = expr # Deconstructing pattern.
The patterns are run in sequence until the first one that matches.
If no pattern matches and no else clause, NoMatchingPatternError exception is raised.
Deconstructing pattern¶
This is similar to Extractor in Scala.
The patten matches if:
- An object have #deconstruct method
- Return value of #deconstruct method must be Array or Hash, and it matches sub patterns of this
class Array
alias deconstruct itself
end
case [1, 2, 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6]
in a, *b, c, d:, e: Integer | Float => i, **f
p a #=> 1
p b #=> [2]
p c #=> 3
p d #=> 4
p i #=> 5
p f #=> {f: 6}
e #=> NameError
end
This pattern can be used as one-liner version like destructuring assignment.
class Hash
alias deconstruct itself
end
$(x:, y: (_, z)) = {x: 0, y: [1, 2]}
p x #=> 0
p z #=> 2
Sample code¶
class Struct
def deconstruct; [self] + values; end
end
A = Struct.new(:a, :b)
case A[0, 1]
in (A, 1, 1)
:not_match
in A(x, 1) # Syntactic sugar of above
p x #=> 0
end
require 'json'
$(x:, y: (_, z)) = JSON.parse('{"x": 0, "y": [1, 2]}', symbolize_names: true)
p x #=> 0
p z #=> 2
Implementation¶
Design policy¶
- Keep compatibility
- Don't define new reserved words
- 0 conflict in parse.y. It passes test/test-all
- Be Ruby-ish
- Powerful Array, Hash support
- Encourage duck typing style
- etc
- Optimize syntax for major use case
- You can see several real use cases of pattern matching at following links :)
Updated by shevegen (Robert A. Heiler) over 6 years ago
I have one question:
- Is the above exclusive for "in" in case, or can it be
combined with "when"?
E. g.:
case A[0, 1]
when 3
puts 'bla'
in (A, 1, 1)
etc¶
?
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 6 years ago
Is the above exclusive for "in" in case, or can it be combined with "when"?
The former is right, but I don't have any strong opinion about it.
The reason why I select the former is that "in" is superset of "when".
Updated by mrkn (Kenta Murata) over 6 years ago
- Related to Feature #14913: Extend case to match several values at once added
Updated by akr (Akira Tanaka) over 6 years ago
I expect deconstrocut methods will be defined for core classes if this proposal is accepted.
But I feel the deconstruct method of Struct in the sample code is tricky
because it duplicates values.
(s.deconstruct[0][0] and s.deconstruct[1] has same value)
class Struct
def deconstruct; [self] + values; end
end
I doubt that the deconstruct method is suitable for
standard definition.
I guess "& pattern", pat & pat & ..., may solve this problem.
("pat1 & pat2 & ..." matches if all patterns (pat1, pat2, ...) matches.)
Updated by shyouhei (Shyouhei Urabe) over 6 years ago
- Related to deleted (Feature #14913: Extend case to match several values at once)
Updated by shyouhei (Shyouhei Urabe) over 6 years ago
We had some in-detail discussuion about the possibility of this issue in todays developer meeting. Though it seemed a rough cut that needs more brush-ups, the proposal as a whole got positive reactions. So please continue developing.
Some details the attendees did not like:
-
Deconstruction seems fragile; For instance the following case statement matches, which is very counter-intuitive.
def foo(obj) case obj in a, 1 => b, c then return a, b, c else abort end end A = Struct.new(:x, :y) p foo(A[1, 2]) # => [A, 1, 2]
-
There is
|
operator that is good. But why don't you have counterpart&
operator? -
Pinning operator is necessary. However the proposed syntax do not introduce an operator rather it introduces naming convention into local variable naming. This is no good. We need a real operator for that purpose.
-
One-liner mode seems less needed at the moment. Is it necessary for the first version? We can add this later if a real-world use-case is found that such shorthand is convenient, rather than cryptic.
-
Some attendees do not like that arrays cannot be pattern matched as such.
case [1, 2, [3, 4]] in [a, b, [3, d]] # <- unable to do this ... end
-
Should
#deconstruct
be called over and over again to the same case target? Shouldn't that be cached?
But again, these points are about details. The proposal as a whole seemed roughly okay.
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 6 years ago
Thanks for the feedback.
But I feel the deconstruct method of Struct in the sample code is tricky
because it duplicates values.
- Deconstruction seems fragile; For instance the following case statement matches, which is very counter-intuitive.
It is trade-off with duck typing.
Consider following case.
class MyA
def deconstruct
dummy = A[nil, nil]
return dummy, my_x, my_y
end
end
obj = MyA.new
case obj
in A(x, y)
...
end
We can match the pattern even if obj
is not an instance of A
class.
I guess "& pattern", pat & pat & ..., may solve this problem.
("pat1 & pat2 & ..." matches if all patterns (pat1, pat2, ...) matches.)
- There is
|
operator that is good. But why don't you have counterpart&
operator?
If &
operator is also introduced, I think a user wants to use parenthesis to control precedence of patterns.
It conflicts with syntax of my proposal.
- Pinning operator is necessary. However the proposed syntax do not introduce an operator rather it introduces naming convention into local variable naming. This is no good. We need a real operator for that purpose.
Agreed.
- One-liner mode seems less needed at the moment. Is it necessary for the first version? We can add this later if a real-world use-case is found that such shorthand is convenient, rather than cryptic.
Agreed.
Some attendees do not like that arrays cannot be pattern matched as such.
case [1, 2, [3, 4]] in [a, b, [3, d]] # <- unable to do this ... end
I can understand motivation of this request.
- Should
#deconstruct
be called over and over again to the same case target? Shouldn't that be cached?
I think it should be cached.
Updated by shyouhei (Shyouhei Urabe) over 6 years ago
ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) wrote:
- Deconstruction seems fragile; For instance the following case statement matches, which is very counter-intuitive.
It is trade-off with duck typing.
Do you really think they are worth trading off?
What is, then, the purpose of pattern matching at the first place?
To me it is very troublesome when case obj in a, b, c then ... end
matches something non-Array. That should ruin the whole benefit of pattern matching. Pattens should never match against something you don't want to match.
Updated by akr (Akira Tanaka) over 6 years ago
ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) wrote:
Thanks for the feedback.
But I feel the deconstruct method of Struct in the sample code is tricky
because it duplicates values.
- Deconstruction seems fragile; For instance the following case statement matches, which is very counter-intuitive.
It is trade-off with duck typing.
Consider following case.
class MyA def deconstruct dummy = A[nil, nil] return dummy, my_x, my_y end end obj = MyA.new case obj in A(x, y) ... end
We can match the pattern even if
obj
is not an instance ofA
class.
Hm. I didn't explan my intent well.
My intent is deconstructing pattern is not well correspondence to
pattern matching of functional languages.
In functional languages, a data type is defined with
constructors and their arguments.
For example list of int can be defined in OCaml as follows.
type intlist =
| Inil
| Icons of int * intlist
There are two constructors:
- constructor for empty list, Inil. It has no arguments.
- constructor for non-empty list, Icons. It has two arguments: first element and remaining list.
We can use pattern matching on the value of a data type.
For example, the length of list of int can be defined as follows.
let rec len il =
match il with
| Inil -> 0
| Icons (_, il1) -> 1 + len il1
pattern matching distinguish the constructor of a value and
extract arguments of their constructors.
I think Ruby's pattern matching should support this style.
In Ruby, a data type of functional language can be implemented as
multiple classes: one class for one constructor.
class Inil
def initialize()
end
end
class Icons
def initialize(e, il)
@e = e
@il = il
end
end
(More realistic example, such as AST, may be more interesting.)
So, pattern matching need to distinguish class (correspond to constructor)
AND extract arguments for constructor.
In your proposal, it needs that deconstruct method must be implemented like
your Struct#deconstruct.
This means that, if deconstruct method is not defined like Struct#deconstruct,
Ruby's pattern matching is not usable as pattern matching of functional
languages.
For example, your Array#deconstruct and Hash#deconstruct is not like
Struct#deconstruct.
So, I guess your pattern matching is difficult to use data structures
mixing Array and Hash.
I.e. "distinguish Array and Hash, and extract elements" seems difficult.
I expect Ruby's pattern matching support the programming style of
pattern matching of functional languages.
So, I'm suspicious with the deconstructing pattern of your proposal.
Note that I don't stick to "and" pattern.
Updated by egi (Satoshi Egi) over 6 years ago
Let me propose you to import the functions for non-linear pattern matching with backtracking that I have implemented as a Ruby gem in the following repository.
https://github.com/egison/egison-ruby/
This pattern-matching system allows programmers to replace the nested for loops and conditional branches into simple pattern-match expressions (Please see README of the above GitHub repository).
It achieved that by fulfilling all the following features.
- Efficiency of the backtracking algorithm for non-linear patterns
- Extensibility of pattern matching
- Polymorphisim in patterns
There are no other programming languages that support all the above features (especially the first and second features) though many works exist for pattern matching (as listed up in the following link: https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/ViewPatterns).
Therefore, if Ruby has this pattern-matching facility, it will be a great advantage even over advanced programming languages with academic background such as Haskell.
Updated by shyouhei (Shyouhei Urabe) over 6 years ago
egi (Satoshi Egi) wrote:
Let me propose you to import the functions for non-linear pattern matching with backtracking that I have implemented as a Ruby gem in the following repository.
Open a new issue for that, please. Don't hijack this thread.
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 6 years ago
shyouhei-san:
I changed my mind. We should be able to avoid such "fragile" case.
Though duck typing is important, it should be designed by another approach.
akr-san:
I think Ruby's pattern matching should support this style.
I agree, but it isn't enough.
I expect that Ruby's pattern matching also lets us write following code.
module URI
def deconstruct
{scheme: scheme, host: host, ...}
end
end
case URI('http://example.com')
in scheme: 'http', host:
...
end
class Cell
def deconstruct
@cdr ? [@car] + @cdr.deconstruct : [@car]
end
...
end
list = Cell[1, Cell[2, Cell[3, nil]]]
case list
in 1, 2, 3
...
end
So, how about an idea which divides deconstructing pattern into typed and non-typed one?
pat:: pat, ... # (Non-typed) deconstructing pattern
val(pat, ...) # Typed deconstructing pattern. It matches an object such that `obj.kind_of?(val)` and `pat, ...` matches `obj.deconstruct`
[pat, ...] # Syntactic sugar of `Array(pat, ...)`. (if needed)
{id: pat, ...} # Syntactic sugar of `Hash(id: pat, ...)`. (if needed)
class Struct
alias deconstruct values
end
A = Struct.new(:a, :b)
def m(obj)
case obj
in A(a, b)
:first
in a, b
:second
end
end
m(A[1, 2]) #=> :first
m([1, 2]) #=> :second
m([A[nil, nil], 1, 2]) #=> NoMatchingPatternError
Updated by baweaver (Brandon Weaver) over 6 years ago
There was a previous discussion on this which had many good details and discussion:
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14709
@zverok (Victor Shepelev) and I had done some work and writing on this which may yield some new ideas.
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 6 years ago
- Related to Feature #14709: Proper pattern matching added
Updated by bozhidar (Bozhidar Batsov) over 6 years ago
Btw, won't it better to introduce a new expression named match
than to extend case
? Seems to me this will make the use of patter matching clearer, and I assume it's also going to simplify the implementation.
Updated by zverok (Victor Shepelev) over 6 years ago
Btw, won't it better to introduce a new expression named
match
than to extendcase
?
I have exactly the opposite question: do we really need in
, why not reuse when
?.. For all reasonable explanations, case+when IS Ruby's "pattern-matching" (however limited it seems), and I believe introducing new keywords with "similar yet more powerful" behavior will lead to a deep confusion.
Updated by dsisnero (Dominic Sisneros) over 6 years ago
"The patterns are run in sequence until the first one that matches."
This means O(n) time for matching. If we are adding this with changes to compiler, we should try to compile it to hash lookup O(1) time
Does this allow nesting of patterns Do patterns compose or nest?
def simplify(n)
case n
in IntNode(n)
then n
in NegNode( Negnode n) then
simplify( NegNode.new( simplify (n) )
in AddNode(IntNode(0), right) then
simplify(right)
in MulNode(IntNode(1) right) then
simplify(right)
etc
Java is going to get pattern matching also and has some good ideas
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=n3_8YcYKScw&list=PLX8CzqL3ArzXJ2EGftrmz4SzS6NRr6p2n&index=1&t=907s
and
http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~briangoetz/amber/pattern-match.html
Their proposal includes nesting and also is O(1) time.
Not sure how much translates though.
Updated by jwmittag (Jörg W Mittag) about 6 years ago
I don't have anything specific to say about this particular proposal, I just want to point out that a lot of people have been thinking about how Pattern Matching relates to Object-Oriented Data Abstraction and Dynamic Languages recently. This proposal already mentions Scala and its Extractors, which guarantee that Pattern Matching preserves Abstraction / Encapsulation.
Another language that is semantically even closer to Ruby (highly dynamic, purely OO, Smalltalk heritage) is Newspeak. The Technical Report Pattern Matching for an Object-Oriented and Dynamically Typed Programming Language, which is based on Felix Geller's PhD Thesis, gives a good overview.
Also, influenced by the approach to Pattern Matching in Scala and Newspeak is Grace's approach, described in Patterns as Objects in Grace.
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Status changed from Open to Closed
Applied in changeset trunk|r67586.
Introduce pattern matching [EXPERIMENTAL]
[ruby-core:87945] [Feature #14912]
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Status changed from Closed to Assigned
- Assignee set to ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto)
- Target version set to 2.7
The specification is still under discussion, so I reopend the issue.
Current specifation summary:
case obj
in pat [if|unless cond]
...
in pat [if|unless cond]
...
else
...
end
pat: var # Variable pattern. It matches any value, and binds the variable name to that value.
| literal # Value pattern. The pattern matches an object such that pattern === object.
| Constant # Ditto.
| ^var # Ditto. It is equivalent to pin operator in Elixir.
| pat | pat | ... # Alternative pattern. The pattern matches if any of pats match.
| pat => var # As pattern. Bind the variable to the value if pat match.
| Constant(pat, ..., *var, pat, ...) # Array pattern. See below for more details.
| Constant[pat, ..., *var, pat, ...] # Ditto.
| [pat, ..., *var, pat, ...] # Ditto (Same as `BasicObject(pat, ...)` ). You can omit brackets (top-level only).
| Constant(id:, id: pat, "id": pat, ..., **var) # Hash pattern. See below for more details.
| Constant[id:, id: pat, "id": pat, ..., **var] # Ditto.
| {id:, id: pat, "id": pat, ..., **var} # Ditto (Same as `BasicObject(id:, ...)` ). You can omit braces (top-level only).
An array pattern matches if:
* Constant === object returns true
* The object has a #deconstruct method that returns Array
* The result of applying the nested pattern to object.deconstruct is true
A hash pattern matches if:
* Constant === object returns true
* The object has a #deconstruct_keys method that returns Hash.
* The result of applying the nested pattern to object.deconstruct_keys(keys) is true
For more details, please see https://speakerdeck.com/k_tsj/pattern-matching-new-feature-in-ruby-2-dot-7.
Updated by duerst (Martin Dürst) over 5 years ago
- Has duplicate Feature #15814: Capturing variable in case-when branches added
Updated by pitr.ch (Petr Chalupa) over 5 years ago
Hi, I am really looking forward to this feature. Looks great!
However I'd like to make few suggestions which I believe should be part of the first pattern matching experimental release. I'll include use-cases and try to explain why it would be better to do so.
(1) Pattern matching as first-class citizen¶
Everything in Ruby is dynamically accessible (methods, classes, blocks, etc.) so it would be pity if patterns would be an exception from that. There should be an object which will represent the pattern and which can be lifted from the pattern literal.
It may seem that just wrapping the pattern in a lambda as follows is enough to get an object which represents the pattern.
-> value do
case value
in (1..10) => i
do_something_with i
end
end
In some cases it is sufficient however lets explore some interesting use cases which cannot be implemented without the first-class pattern-matching.
First use-case to consider is searching for a value in a data structure. Let's assume we have a data-structure (e.g. some in memory database) and we want to provide an API to search for an element with a pattern matching e.g. #search
. The structure stores log messages as follows ["severity", "message"]
. Then something as follows would be desirable.
def drain_erros(data)
# pops all messages matching at least one pattern
# and evalueates the appropriate branch with the destructured log message
# for each matched message
data.pop_all case
in ["fatal", message]
deal_with_fatal message
in ["error", message]
deal_with_error message
end
end
There are few things to consider. Compared to the already working implementation there is no message given to the case since that will be later provided in the pop_all method. Therefore the case in here has to evaluate to an object which encapsulates the pattern matching allowing to match candidates from the data-structure later in the pop_all implementation. Another important feature is that the object has to allow to match a candidate without immediately evaluating the appropriate branch. It has to give the pop_all method a chance to remove the element from the data-structure first before the arbitrary user code from the branch is evaluated. That is especially important if the data-structure is thread-safe and does locking, then it cannot hold the lock while it runs arbitrary user code. Firstly it limits the concurrency since no other operation can be executed on the data-structure and secondly it can lead to deadlocks since the common recommendation is to never call a user code while still holding an internal lock.
Probably the simplest implementation which would allow the use-case work is to make case in without a message given behave as a syntax sugar for following.
case
in [/A/, b]
b.succ
end
# turns into
-> value do
case value
in [/A/, b]
-> { b.succ }
end
end
Then the implementation of pop_all could then look as follows.
def pop_all(pattern)
each do |candidate|
# assuming each locks the structure to read the candidate
# but releases the lock while executing the block which could
# be arbitrary user code
branch_continuation = pattern.call(candidate)
if branch_continuation
# candidate matched
delete candidate # takes a lock internally to delete the element
branck_continuation.call
end
end
end
In this example it never leaks the inner lock.
Second use case which somewhat expands the first one is to be able to implement receive
method of the concurrent abstraction called Actors. (receive
blocks until matching message is received.) Let's consider an actor which receives 2 Integers adds them together and then replies to an actor which asks for a result with [:sum, myself]
message then it terminates.
Actor.act do
# block until frist number is received
first = receive case
in Numeric => value
value
end
# block until second number is received, then add them
sum = first + receive case
in Numeric => value
value
end
# when a :sum command is received with the sender reference
# send sum back
receive case
in [:sum, sender]
sender.send sum
end
end
It would be great if we could use pattern matching for messages as it is used in Erlang and in Elixir.
The receive method as the pop_all
method needs to first find the first matching message in the mailbox without running the user code immediately, then it needs to take the matching message from the Actor's mailbox (while locking the mailbox temporarily) before it can be passed to the arbitrary user code in the case branch (without the lock held).
If case in
without message is first class it could be useful to also have shortcut to define simple mono patterns.
case
in [:sum, sender]
sender.send sum
end
# could be just
in [:sum, sender] { sender.send sum }
case
in ["fatal", _] -> message
message
end
# could be just, default block being identity function
in ["fatal", _]
Then the Actor example could be written only as follows:
Actor.act do
# block until frist number is received
first = receive in Numeric
# block until second number is received, then add them
sum = first + receive in Numeric
# when a :sum command is received with the sender reference
# send sum back
receive in [:sum, sender] { sender.send sum }
end
(2) Matching of non symbol key Hashes¶
This was already mentioned as one of the problems to be looked at in future in the RubyKaigi's talk. If =>
is taken for as pattern then it cannot be used to match hashes with non-Symbol keys. I would suggest to use just =
instead, so var = pat
. Supporting non-Symbol hashes is important for use cases like:
- Matching data loaded from JSON where keys are strings
case { "name" => "Gustav", **other_data }
in "name" => (name = /^Gu.*/), **other
name #=> "Gustav"
other #=> other_data
end
- Using pattern to match the key
# let's assume v1 of a protocol sends massege {foo: data}
# but v2 sends {FOO: data},
# where data stays the same in both versions,
# then it is desirable to have one not 2 branches
case message_as_hash
in (:foo | :FOO) => data
process data
end
Could that work or is there a problem with parsing =
in the pattern?
Note about in [:sum, sender] { sender.send sum }
in [:sum, sender] { sender.send sum }
is quite similar to ->
syntax for lambdas. However in this suggestion above it would be de-sugared to -> value { case value; in [:sum, sender]; -> { sender.send sum }}
which is not intuitive. A solution to consider would be to not to de-sugar the branch into another inner lambda but allow to check if an object matches the pattern (basically asking if the partial function represented by the block with a pattern match accepts the object). Then the example of implementing pop_all would look as follows.
def pop_all(pattern)
each do |candidate|
# assuming each locks the structure to read the candidate
# but releases the lock while executing the block which could
# be arbitrary user code
# does not execute the branches only returns true/false
if pattern.matches?(candidate)
# candidate matched
delete candidate # takes a lock internally to delete the element
pattern.call candidate
end
end
end
What are your thoughts?
Do you think this could become part of the first pattern matching release?
Updated by mame (Yusuke Endoh) over 5 years ago
@pitr.ch (Petr Chalupa)
Please briefly summarize your proposal first. Use case is important, but explaining a proposal by use case is difficult to read (unless the use case is really simple).
I'm unsure but I guess your proposal:
- Add a syntactic sugar:
case in <pattern>; <expr>; ...; end
→-> x { case x in <pattern>; <expr>; ...; end }
- Allow hash rocket pattern:
{ <pattern> => <pattern> }
- Add a syntactic sugar:
in <pattern> { <expr> }
→-> x { case x in <pattern>; <expr>; end }
The following is my opinion.
I don't like (1). It would be more readable to write it explicitly:
data.pop_all do |entry|
case entry
in ["fatal", message]
deal_with_fatal message
in ["error", message]
deal_with_error message
end
end
We need to be careful about (2). If =>
pattern is allowed, we can write a variable as a key, but it brings ambiguity.
h = { "foo" => 1, "bar" => 1 }
case h
in { x => 1 }
p x #=> "foo"? "bar"?
end
I think the current design (allowing only symbol keys) is reasonable.
(3) will introduce syntactic ambiguity. Consider the following example.
case x
in 1
{}
in 2
{} # Is this the second pattern? Or is this a lambda?
end
It looks like this case statement has two clauses, but in 2 {}
(a lambda expression you propose) can be also parsed.
Updated by pitr.ch (Petr Chalupa) over 5 years ago
I've intentionally focused on use-cases because: I wanted to make clear why Ruby should to support this; and I've included a possible solution only to make it more clear, since I think Kazuki or somebody else who also spend significant time working on this is the best person to figure out how to support it.
Regarding yours comments.
(1) What I am proposing is different in one key aspect, it allows the pop_all
method to execute its own code after the pattern is matched but before the branch with the user code is executed. Therefore the pattern of only wrapping case in
in lambda is not sufficient to implement this.
To clarify I have described two approaches: First case in <pattern>; <expr>; ...; end
=> -> x { case x in <pattern>; -> { <expr> }; ...; end }
. Second is without the inner lambda case in <pattern>; <expr>; ...; end
=> pm = -> x { case x in <pattern>; <expr>; ...; end }
however an object in pm
has to have a accepts?(value)
method for the pop_all
method to be able to execute just the pattern part without the bodies. I think the second is better.
(2) Thanks for pointing out the ambiguity problem. Id like to explore ideas how to deal with the ambiguity in { x => 1 }
:
- Simply raising error when the hash cannot be matched exactly. Could often fail too surprisingly.
-
x
would be an array of values. What it should be if the value is only one though? It would produce mixed results unless always checked within { x => 1 } if Array === x
- Evaluate the branch for each matched x. Combination explosion could be a problem for
[{a=>1},{b=>2},...]
, would it run the branch for each value combination assigned toa
andb
variables? - Force users to write
{ *x => 1 }
when there is possibility of multiple results. Then x would be Array of all the matched keys (could be just one). This is however not that simple:{ (*k = /^pre/) => *v }
applied to{'pre-a'=>1, 'pre-b'=>2}
could bek=%w[pre-a pre-b]
andv=[a,2]
; and then even more complicated{ 1..10 => *([_, second]) }
applied to{1=>[1,:a],2=>[2,:b]}
would producesecond=[:a,:b]
. Feels like this should be possible to define precisely.
(3) Indeed the shortcut I've proposed would be problematic, could it rather be -> in <pattern> {}
then?
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Related to Feature #15865: `<expr> in <pattern>` expression added
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Related to Feature #15918: Pattern matching for Set added
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Related to Feature #15881: Optimize deconstruct in pattern matching added
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) over 5 years ago
- Related to Feature #15824: respond_to pattern for pattern match added
Updated by pvande (Pieter van de Bruggen) over 5 years ago
As suggested by Yusuke on Twitter, I'm posting a link to my own personal "wishlist" around pattern matching. I'm happy to discuss any points that might benefit from clarification.
https://gist.github.com/pvande/822a1aba02e5347c39e8e0ac859d752b
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) about 5 years ago
Matz rejcted your proposal.
Please check https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15930 for more details.
Updated by tjpalmer (Tom Palmer) almost 5 years ago
- Subject changed from Introduce pattern matching syntax to How long experimental?
How long is the current pattern matching expected to stay experimental before becoming stabilized? (And thanks for the work so far on it!)
Updated by alanwu (Alan Wu) almost 5 years ago
- Subject changed from How long experimental? to Introduce pattern matching syntax
Updated by docx (Lukas Dolezal) almost 5 years ago
Hi, I was playing with the type/hash patterns (2.7.0-preview3), and I find this confusing and non-intuitive:
while generic hash pattern uses curly brackets e.g.
in {id: id, name: "Bob"}
when added type to it, it has to be square or round brackets e.g.
in User[id: id, name: "Bob"]
I wonder what do you think about only allowing curly brackets for hash pattern, and only square brackets for array pattern?
i.e.
...
| Constant[pat, ..., *var, pat, ...] # Array pattern.
| [pat, ..., *var, pat, ...] # Ditto
| Constant{id:, id: pat, "id": pat, ..., **var} # Hash pattern
| {id:, id: pat, "id": pat, ..., **var} # Ditto
Thanks
Updated by mame (Yusuke Endoh) almost 5 years ago
docx (Lukas Dolezal) wrote:
I wonder what do you think about only allowing curly brackets for hash pattern, and only square brackets for array pattern?
The rationale of the current design I've heard from @ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) is to fit the pattern to the style of its constructor.
Point = Struct.new(:x, :y, :z, keyword_init: true)
pnt = Point[x: 1, y: 2, z: 3]
pnt in Point[x: a, y: b, z: c]
p [a, b, c] #=> [1, 2, 3]
Point[x: 1, y: 2, z: 3]
corresponds elegantly to Point[x: a, y: b, z: c]
. We cannot write Point{x: 1, y: 2, z: 3}
.
But personally, I agree with curly brackets for hash pattern. It is simpler and more intuitive when we focus on the pattern language.
Updated by docx (Lukas Dolezal) almost 5 years ago
Thanks @mame (Yusuke Endoh) for explanation and response.
That kinda make sense with the Point[]
. Is this universal for any class?
I was playing with it and could not make it, for example when I have implemented my own class with deconstruct_keys
it breaks the assumption for []
:
class User
attr_accessor :id, :name
def deconstruct_keys(_)
{ id: id, name: name }
end
end
user = User.new
user.id = 7
user.name = "James Bond"
case user
in User[id: 7]
puts "It's James Bond
end
# but I cannot do this anyway
user = User[id: 7]
But personally, I agree with curly brackets for hash pattern. It is simpler and more intuitive when we focus on the pattern language.
So I think we are on the same page :) Will look forward if something will change :) But have no strong opinion, when explained the current implementation makes sense, just it is not immediately obvious (because it is perhaps specific to few specific stdlib classes?)
Updated by Eregon (Benoit Daloze) almost 5 years ago
Actually, in User(id: id, name: "Bob")
should work.
@docx (Lukas Dolezal) what do you think of that form?
I would argue that's more similar to both Integer()
-like constructors and User.new(id: 1, name: "Bob")
constructors.
Point[x: 1, y: 2, z: 3]
and in general kwargs inside []
look weird to me, I think they are rather uncommon.
Point.new(x: 1, y: 2, z: 3)
is a lot more readable IMHO.
Updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme) almost 5 years ago
mame (Yusuke Endoh) wrote:
Point[x: 1, y: 2, z: 3]
corresponds elegantly toPoint[x: a, y: b, z: c]
. We cannot writePoint{x: 1, y: 2, z: 3}
.
I understand the idea but for me this backfired. Because it looks exactly like the constructor method but actually means something different, I was completely baffled for several minutes when I saw Integer(..0)
in #16464.
Would it be possible to combine patterns with some kind of "and" operator? In itself I think it would be useful to match str in RX1 & RX2 & RX3
, but it would also be possible to write these array/hash patterns as Point&{x: a, y: b, z: c}
which I think is close enough to the constructor to be recognizable, but also different enough to tell apart.
Updated by Anonymous over 4 years ago
Sorry for necroposting.
- Instead of
in Constant(pattern…)
– I agree that it might coïncide with capitalized methods – andin Constant[pattern]
– which might coïncide with the syntax sugar for.[](...)
, considerwhen Constant in pattern…
. - Similarly, for an empty Hash pattern, instead of implementing
in {}
as a special case (I might be in the wrong ticket),when {}
already does most if not all of the job.
- Comment: This holds true for pretty much every deconstructable class:
module Enumerable # Not in 2.7.1 somehow
alias :deconstruct :to_a
end
- Question: Why enforcing
NoMatchingPatternError
? Enforcing duck-typing?
case arg
in String
warn deprecated
…
in Numeric
raise NotImplementedError, 'to be implemented'
else end # ← reserved pseudo-keyword?
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) almost 4 years ago
- Related to Feature #17260: Promote pattern matching to official feature added
Updated by ktsj (Kazuki Tsujimoto) almost 4 years ago
- Status changed from Assigned to Closed